APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing > Vol 14 > Issue 1

RTL Evaluation of ℓ2-Norm Approximation with Rotated ℓ1-Norm for 2-Tuple Arrays

Shu Abe, Niigata University, Japan, Yuya Kodama, Niigata University, Japan, Hiroyoshi Yamada, Niigata University, Japan, Shogo Muramatsu, Niigata University, Japan, shogo@eng.niigata-u.ac.jp
 
Suggested Citation
Shu Abe, Yuya Kodama, Hiroyoshi Yamada and Shogo Muramatsu (2025), "RTL Evaluation of ℓ2-Norm Approximation with Rotated ℓ1-Norm for 2-Tuple Arrays", APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing: Vol. 14: No. 1, e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/116.20240068

Publication Date: 30 Jan 2025
© 2025 S. Abe, Y. Kodama, H. Yamada and S. Muramatsu
 
Subjects
Denoising,  Circuit level design,  System level design,  Image and video processing,  Multidimensional signal processing,  Sparse representations,  Image restoration and enhancement
 
Keywords
Sparse representations,fixed point implementationsoft-thresholdingembedded visionFPGA
 

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This is published under the terms of CC BY-NC.

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In this article:
Introduction 
Review of Image Restoration 
2-tuple ℓ2-norm Fixed-point Approximation 
Performance Evaluation 
Conclusions 
Appendix 
References 

Abstract

This study proposes a high-precision fast approximation method for the ℓ2-norm evaluation of 2-tuple data arrays using a rotated ℓ1-norm evaluation with fixed-point arithmetic. In several signal processing applications, such as image restoration with isotropic total variation (TV) and one with complex ℓ1-norm regularization, a large number of calculations for the 2-tuple ℓ2-norm are frequently required. To achieve a hardware (HW)-friendly calculation, the square and square root operations involved in the ℓ2-norm calculation should be adequately approximated. However, several existing techniques have been challenged with respect to approximations. Thus, in this paper, a HW-friendly approximation algorithm is proposed. The proposed method uses the fact that the upper bound of the surface of a first-order rotational cone traces a second-order cone, that is, the ℓ2-cone. As a result, less variable multiplication is required, and parallel implementation is easily achieved using fixed-point arithmetic. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, it was applied to image restoration, and then its performance on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) is evaluated in terms of the quality, circuit area, latency, and throughput. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing it with typical implementations using commercial circuits.

DOI:10.1561/116.20240068